healthcareЗдравоохранение. HealthcareHealthcare1027-7218Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Technologies, Informatization, Management and Health Economicshealthcare-13Research ArticleЛЕКЦИИ И ОБЗОРЫLECTURES AND REVIEWSТ-клеточные механизмы иммунитета при COVID-19: изменения в костном мозге, тимусе, субпопуляциях лимфоцитов, оценка функцииT-cell mechnisms of immunity during COVID-19: changes in the bone marrow, thymus, lymphocyte subpopulations, assessment of functionТитовЛ. П.TitovL. P.

Титов Леонид Петрович— академик НАН Беларуси, д. м. н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической и экспериментальной микробиологии

Ул. Филимонова, 23, 220114, г. Минск

Сл. тел. +375 17 237-69-98.

ТрусевичМ. О.TrusevichM. O.

Минск

РНПЦ эпидемиологии и микробиологииRussian Federation202422092025052945Copyright © Титов Л.П., Трусевич М.О., 20252025Титов Л.П., Трусевич М.О.Titov L.P., Trusevich M.O.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://healthcare.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/13

Представлен обзор научной литературы последних лет по проблеме SARS-CoV-2-инфекции: генетической изменчивости возбудителя, органах и клетках иммунной системы, оценке функции и способах коррекции. Проблема SARS-CoV-2-инфекции, возникшей в конце 2019 г. в Китае (г. Ухань) и развившейся в пандемию, представляет актуальную проблему и в 2024 г. Важно понять не только механизмы заражения и развития болезни, но и разработать эффективные меры и препараты для профилактики. Для этого необходим геномный мониторинг возбудителя для оценки мутационных изменений, которые помогают уклониться от Т-клеточного иммунного ответа. Молекулярно-генетические механизмы данного явления полностью не раскрыты. Вирусы реализуют стратегии уклонения от факторов иммунного ответа рядом способов: а) экранированием поверхностных антигенов путем добавления молекул сложных гликанов; б) секрецией усеченных вирусных гликопротеинов, имеющих общие с фрагментами вирусного шиповидного S-белка эпитопы; в) блокадой системы комплемента. Хотя основной мишенью вируса является иммунная система (костный мозг, тимус, другие лимфоидные образования и субпопуляции клеток), вирус атакует практически все органы и системы организма (легкие, сосуды сердца, головного мозга, почек, поджелудочной железы, половых желез). Обсуждается разнообразие субпопуляций Т-лимфоцитов, включая эффекторные Т-клетки, молекулярное распознавание антигенов, поражение и восстановление функции тимуса, оценки Т-клеточного специфического иммунитета. Рассматриваются сложности в оценке эффективности протективного специфического Т-клеточного иммунного ответа.

The purpose of this study is to review the scientific literature of recent years on the problem of SARS-CoV-2 infection — genetic variability of the pathogen, organs and cells of the immune system, assessment of function and methods of correction. The problem of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which arose at the end of 2019 in China(Wuhan) and developed into a pandemic, is a pressing problem in 2024. It is important to understand not only the mechanisms of infection and development of the disease, but also to develop effective measures and drugs for prevention. This requires genomic monitoring of the pathogen to assess mutational changes that help evade the T-cell immune response. The molecular-genetic mechanisms of this phenomenon are not fully disclosed. Viruses implement strategies to evade immune factors in a number of ways: a) by shielding surface antigens by adding molecules of complex glycans: b) secretion of fruncated viral glicoproteins that have common epitopes with fragments of the viral spikeS protein; c) blockade of the complement system. Although the main target of the virus is the immune system(bone marrow,thymus, other lymphoid formation, subpopulation of cells), the virus attacks almost all organs and systems of the body(lungs, blood vessels, of the heart, brain, kidneys, pancreas, gonads). Discusses of the diversity of T-lymphocytes subsets, including effector T-cells. Molecular recognition of antigens, thymic injury/ recovery and assessment of T-cell-specific immunity. The difficulties in assessing the effectiveness of a protective specific T-cell immune response are considered.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.