<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">healthcare</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение. Healthcare</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Healthcare</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1027-7218</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Technologies, Informatization, Management and Health Economics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65249/1027-7218-2025-12-30-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">healthcare-230</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Параметры ультразвуковой диагностики варикоцеле в практике детского хирурга</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Parameters of ultrasound diagnosis of varicocele in the practice of a pediatric surgeon</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4319-8372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Седлавский</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sedlauski</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Седлавский Антон Павлович – ассистент кафедры госпитальной хирургии с курсом ФПК и ПК</p><p>Пр. Фрунзе, 27, 210009, г. Витебск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2696-4989</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дегтярев</surname><given-names>Ю. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Degtyarev</surname><given-names>Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дегтярев Юрий Григорьевич</p><p>Минск</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>Витебский государственный ордена Дружбы народов медицинский университет</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-2"><institution>Белорусский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Седлавский А.П., Дегтярев Ю.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Седлавский А.П., Дегтярев Ю.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sedlauski A., Degtyarev Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://healthcare.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/230">https://healthcare.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/230</self-uri><abstract><p>Анализ имеющихся литературных данных показывает необходимость продолжения исследований в области диагностики и лечения варикоцеле с использованием доступных современных технологий. Своевременная диагностика, рациональный выбор тактики ведения и методов хирургической коррекции варикоцеле в детском и подростковом возрасте являются важными задачами для медицинской науки и практического здравоохранения, оказывающие непосредственное влияние на демографическую ситуацию в стране.Статья посвящена анализу медицинской литературы, касающейся основных параметров ультразвукового исследования пациентов с варикоцеле и их сопоставлению с полученными данными в клинике. Также отражены параметры ультразвукового исследования, наблюдаемые у 90 пациентов, поступивших на плановое оперативное лечение варикоцеле в детский хирургический стационар.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An analysis of the available literature data shows the need to continue research in the field of diagnosis and treatment of varicocele using available modern technologies. Timely diagnosis, rational choice of management tactics and methods of surgical correction of varicocele in childhood and adolescence is an important task for medical science and practical healthcare, which have a direct impact on the demographic situation in the country.The article is devoted to the analysis of medical literature concerning the main parameters of ultrasound examination of patients with varicocele, and the ratio of the data obtained in the clinic. This article reflects the ultrasound parameters observed in 90 patients admitted to the pediatric surgical hospital for elective surgical treatment of varicocele.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>варикоцеле</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковая диагностика</kwd><kwd>бесплодие</kwd><kwd>допплерография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>varicocele</kwd><kwd>ultrasound diagnostics</kwd><kwd>infertility</kwd><kwd>dopplerography</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varicocele is associated with impaired semen quality and reproductive hormone levels : a study of 7035 healthy young men from six european countries / J. Damsgaard, U. N. Joensen, E. Carlsen [et al.] // European urology. – 2016. – Vol. 70, № 6. – P. 1019–1029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Damsgaard J., Joensen U.N., Carlsen E., et al. Varicocele is associated with impaired semen quality and reproductive hormone levels. Eur Urol. 2016; 70(6): 1019–1029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cayan, S. Update on the novel management and future paternity situation in adolescents with varicocele / S. Cayan, M. Bozlu, E. Akbay // Turkish journal of urology. – 2017. – Vol. 43, № 3. – P. 241–246.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сayan S., Bozlu M., Akbay E. Update on the novel management and future paternity situation in adolescents with varicocele. Turk J Urol. 2017; 43(3): 241–246.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar, N. Singh Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility : а review of literature / N. Kumar, A. K. Singh // Journal of human reproductive sciences. – 2015. – Vol. 8, № 4. – P. 191–196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar N., Singh A.K. Singh Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2015; 8(4): 191–196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epidemiology of varicocele / B. Alsaikhan, K. Alrabeeah, G. Delouya [et al.] // Asian journal of andrology. – 2016. – Vol. 18, № 2. – P. 179–181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alsaikhan B., Alrabeeah K., Delouya G., et al. Epidemiology of varicocele. Asian J Androl. 2016; 18(2): 179–181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marte, A. The history of varicocele: from antiquity to the modern ERA / A. Marte // International Brazilian Journal Of Urologyis : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology. – 2018. – Vol. 44, № 2. – P. 563–576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marte A. The history of varicocele: from antiquity to the modern ERA. Int Braz J Urol. 2018; 44(2): 563–576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">EAU guidelines on sexual and reproductive health 2020 / A. Salonia, C. Bettochi, J. Carvalho [et al.] ; EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands. – URL: https://d56bochluxqnz.cloudfront.net/documents/EAU-Guidelines-on-Sexual-and-Reproductive-Health-2020.pdf (date of access 10.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salonia A., Bettochi C., Carvalho J., et al. EAU guidelines on sexual and reproductive health 2020. Available at: https:// d56bochluxqnz.cloudfront.net/documents/EAU-Guidelines-on-Sexual-and-Reproductive-Health-2020.pdf (accessed: 10.09.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lotti, F. Ultrasound of the male genital tract in relation to male reproductive health / F. Lotti, M. Maggi // Human reproduction update. – 2015. – Vol. 21, № 1. – P. 56–83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lotti F., Maggi M. Ultrasound of the male genital tract in relation to male reproductive health. Hum Reprod Update. 2015; 21(1): 56–83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarteschi, L. M. Valsalva maneuver and Doppler ultrasound of the pampiniform plexus: a new perspective in the diagnosis of subclinical varicocele / L. M. Sartschi // Fertility and Sterility. – 2002. – Vol. 77, № 1. – P. 119–122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarteschi L.M. Valsalva maneuver and Doppler ultrasound of the pampiniform plexus: a new perspective in the diagnosis of subclinical varicocele. Fertil Steril. 2002; 77(1): 119–122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Color Doppler ultrasound imaging in varicoceles: is the venous diameter sufficient for predicting clinical and subclinical varicocele? / A. Pilatz, B. Altinkilic, E. Kohler [et al.] // World journal of urology. – 2011. – Vol. 29, № 5. – P. 645–650.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pilatz A., Altinkilic B., Kohler E., et al. Color Doppler ultrasound imaging in varicoceles: is the venous diameter sufficient for predicting clinical and subclinical varicocele? World J Urol. 2011; 29(5): 645–650.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Технические аспекты ультразвуковой диагностики варикоцеле и анализ европейских клинических рекомендаций / С. И. Гамидов, Н. К. Дружинина, Т. В. Шатылко [и др.] // Экспериментальная и клиническая урология. – 2022, Вып. 15, № 3. – С. 102–108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gamidov S.I., Druzhinina N.K., Shatylko T.V., et al. Technical aspects of ultrasound diagnostics of varicocele and analysis of European clinical guidelines. Eksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya urologiya. 2022; 15(3): 102–108. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Testicular volume: comparison of orchidometer and US measurements in dogs / H. J. Paltiel, D. A. Diamond, J. DiCanzio [et al.] // Radiology. – 2002. – Vol. 222, № 1. – P. 114–119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paltiel H.J., Diamond D.A., DiCanzio J., et al. Testicular volume: comparison of orchidometer and US measurements in dogs. Radiology. 2002; 222(1): 114–119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ultrasound measurements of testicular volume: comparing the three common formulas with the true testicular volume determined by water displacement. / T. U. Mbaeri, J. C. Orakwe, A. M. E. Nwofor [et al.] // African Journal of Urology. – 2013. – Vol. 19, № 2. – P. 69–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mbaeri T.U., Orakwe J.C., Nwofor A.M.E., et al. Ultrasound measurements of testicular volume: comparing the three common formulas with the true testicular volume determined by water displacement. Afric J Urol. 2013; 19(2): 69–73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schiff, J. D. Correlation of ultrasonographic and orchidometer measurements of testis volume in adults / J. D. Schiff, P. S. Li, M. Goldstein // BJU international. – 2004. – Vol. 93, № 7. – P. 1015–1017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schiff J.D., Li P.S., Goldstein M. Correlation of ultrasonographic and orchidometer measurements of testis volume in adults. BJUI. 2004; 93(7): 1015–1017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Testicular volume: correlation of ultrasonography, orchidometer and caliper measurements in children / L. J. C. Anyanwu, O. A. Sowande, C. M. Asaleye [et al.] // African Journal of Urology. – 2020. – Vol. 26, № 1. – P. 1–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anyanwu L.J.C., Sowande O.A., Asaleye C.M., et al. Testicular volume: correlation of ultrasonography, orchidometer and caliper measurements in children. Afric J Urol. 2020; 26(1): 1–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolade-Yunusa, H. O. Determination of a normogram for testicular volume measured by ultrasonography in a normal population boys in Abuja / H. O. Kolade-Yunusa, U. D. Itanyi, C. J. Achonwa // Orient Journal of Medicine. – 2017. – Vol. 29, № 1–2. – P. 56–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolade-Yunusa H.O., Itanyi U.D., Achonwa C.J. Determination of a normogram for testicular volume measured by ultrasonography in a normal population boys in Abuja. OJM. 2017; 29(1–2): 56–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Relationship of varicocele grade and testicular hypotrophy to semen parameters in adolescents / D. A. Diamond, D. Zurakowski, S. B. Bauer [et al.] // The Journal of Urology. – 2007. – Vol. 178. – P. 1584–1588.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diamond D.A., Zurakowski D., Bauer S.B., et al. Relationship of varicocele grade and testicular hypotrophy to semen parameters in adolescents. J Urol. 2007; 178: 1584–1588.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коган, М. И. Варикоцеле: противоречия и проблемы / М. И. Коган, А. А. Алвин, А. Афоко // Урология. – 2009. – № 6. – С. 67–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kogan M.I., Alvin A.A., Afoko A. Varicocele: controversies and problems. Urologiya. 2009; 6: 67–72. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сизонов, В. В. Корреляция между степенью тестикулярной гипотрофии и уровнем тестостерона в яичковой вене у пациентов с варикоцеле / В. В. Сизонов, З. А. Сичинава, Ю. А. Кравцов // Экспериментальная и клиническая урология. – 2020. – № 1. – С. 119–123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sizonov V.V., Sichinava Z.A., Kravtsov Yu.A. Correlation between the degree of testicular hypotrophy and testosterone levels in the testicular vein in patients with varicocele. Eksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya urologiya. 2020; 1: 119–123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrological outcome of microsurgical varicocelectomy in children and adolescents according to age and type of surgery: prospective randomised study / Z. Val'ova, R. Kocvara, J. Sedlacek [et al.] // European urology, supplements. – 2017. – Vol. 16, № 11. – doi: 10.1016/S1569-9056(17)31995-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Val'ova Z., Kocvara R., Sedlacek J., et al. Andrological outcome of microsurgical varicocelectomy in children and adolescents according to age and type of surgery: prospective randomised study. Eur Urol Suppl. 2017; 16(11). doi: 10.1016/S1569-9056(17)31995-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nightingale, K. Analysis of contrast in images generated with transient acoustic radiation forcе / K. Nightingale, M. Palmeri, G. Trahey // Ultrasound in medicine &amp; biology. – 2006. – Vol. 32, № 1. – P. 61–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nightingale K., Palmeri M., Trahey G. Analysis of contrast in images generated with transient acoustic radiation force. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006; 32(1): 61–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elastography of breast lesions: initial clinical results / B. S. Garra, E. I. Cespedes, J. Ophir [et al.] // Radiology. – 1997. – Vol. 202, № 1. – P. 79–86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garra B.S., Cespedes E.I., Ophir J., et al. Elastography of breast lesions: initial clinical results. Radiology. 1997; 202(1): 79–86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shear wave elastography evaluation of testes in patients withvaricocele / H. Erdogan, M. S. Durmaz, S. Arslan [et al.] // Ultrasound quarterly. – 2020. – Vol. 36, № 1. – P. 64–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erdogan H., Durmaz M.S., Arslan S., et al. Shear wave elastography evaluation of testes in patients with varicocele. Ultrasound quarterly. 2020; 36(1): 64–68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shear wave elastography in varicocele patients: prospective study to investigate correlation with semen parameters and histological findings / A. Fuschi, L. Capone, S. Abuorouq [et al.] // International journal of clinical practice. – 2021. – Vol. 75, № 3. – doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13699.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fuschi A., Capone L., Abuorouq S., et al. Shear wave elastography in varicocele patients: prospective study to investigate correlation with semen parameters and histological findings. Int J Clin Pract. 2021; 75(3). doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13699.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Is there any predictive value of testicular shear wave elastic modulus in testicular functions for varicocele patients? / Y. Mulati, X. Li, A. Maimaitiming [et al.] // Andrologia. – 2022. – Vol. 54, № 5. – doi: 10.1111/and.14393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mulati Y., Li X., Maimaitiming A., et al. Is there any predictive value of testicular shear wave elastic modulus in testicular functions for varicocele patients? Andrologia. 2022; 54(5). doi: 10.1111/and.14393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fu, W. The role of testicular stiffness derived from shear wave elastography in the assessment of spermatogenesis in men with varicocele / W. Fu, J. Cui, S. Tang // Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery. – 2024. – Vol. 14, № 7. – P. 4987–4997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fu W., Cui J., Tang S. The role of testicular stiffness derived from shear wave elastography in the assessment of spermatogenesis in men with varicocele. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2024; 14(7): 4987–4997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuzkan, S. Shear wave elastography for assessment of testicular stiffness in patients with varicocele : a prospective comparative study / S. Yuzkan, A. H. Cilengir // Journal of medical ultrasound. – 2022. – Vol. 30, № 4. – P. 277–281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuzkan S., Cilengir A.H. Shear wave elastography for assessment of testicular stiffness in patients with varicocele. J Med Ultrasound. 2022; 30(4): 277–281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Awati, S. M. Factors predicting early improvement in semen parameters following varicocele surgery / S. M. Awati // International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology. – 2017. – Vol. 3, № 4. – Р. 1027–1032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Awati S. M. Factors predicting early improvement in semen parameters following varicocele surgery. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017; 3(4): 1027–1032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clavijo, R. I. Varicoceles: prevalence and pathogenesis in adult men / R. I. Clavijo, R. Carrasquillo, R. Ramasamy // Fertility and sterility. – 2017. – Vol. 108, № 3. – P. 364–369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clavijo R.I., Carrasquillo R., Ramasamy R. Varicoceles: prevalence and pathogenesis in adult men. Fertil Steril. 2017; 108(3): 364–369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial / T. A. Abdel-Meguid, A. Al-Sayyad, A. Tayib, Hasan M Farsi // European urology. – 2011. – Vol. 59, № 3. – P. 455–461.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdel-Meguid T.A., Al-Sayyad A., Tayib A. Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2011; 59(3): 455–461.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Report on varicocele and infertility: a committee opinion / Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Male Reproduction and Urology // Fertility and sterility. – 2014. – Vol. 102, № 6. – P. 1556–1560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Report on varicocele and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2014; 102(6): 1556–1560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varicocele management in the era of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection / P. Pathak, A. Chandrashekar, T. S. Hakky, A. W. Pastuszak // Asian journal of andrology. – 2016. – Vol. 18, № 3. – P. 343–348.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pathak P., Chandrashekar A., Hakky T.S., et al. Varicocele management in the era of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Asian J Androl. 2016; 18(3): 343–348.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kohn, T. P. Varicocelectomy before assisted reproductive technology: are outcomes improved? / T. P. Kohn, J. R. Kohn, A. W. Pastuszak // Fertility and sterility. – 2017. – Vol. 108, № 3. – P. 385–391.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kohn T.P., Kohn J.R., Pastuszak A.W. Varicocelectomy before assisted reproductive technology: are outcomes improved? Fertil Steril. 2017; 108(3): 385–391.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ultrasound diagnosis of varicocele in the adolescent: our experience from Benin / M. A. Fiogbe, M. J. Ala, O. Biaou [et al.] // African Journal Paediatric Surgery. – 2013. – Vol. 10, № 4. – P. 295–298.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiogbe M.A., Ala M.J., Biaou O., et al. Ultrasound diagnosis of varicocele in the adolescent: our experience from Benin. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2013; 10(4): 295–298.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effect of venous reflux time on testosterone and semen parameters of infertile males after microscopic varicocelectomy / A. B. Senturk, B. Cakiroglu, M. Yaytokgil [et al.] // Andrologia. – 2020. – Vol. 52, № 6. – doi: 10.1111/and.13583.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senturk A.B., Cakiroglu B., Yaytokgil M., et al. Effect of venous reflux time on testosterone and semen parameters of infertile males after microscopic varicocelectomy. Andrologia. 2020; 52(6). doi: 10.1111/and.13583.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varicocele: a bilateral disease / Y. Gat, G. N. Bachar, Z. Zukerman [et al.] // Fertility and sterility. – 2004. – Vol. 81, № 2. – P. 424–429.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gat Y., Bachar G.N., Zukerman Z., et al. Varicocele: a bilateral disease. Fertil Steril. 2004; 81(2): 424–429.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Can Ultrasound Findings be a Good Predictor of Sperm Parameters in Patients With Varicocele? A Cross-Sectional Study / A. Mahdavi, R. Heidari, M. Khezri [et al.] // Nephro-urology monthly. – 2016. – Vol. 8, № 5. – doi: 10.5812/numonthly.37103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahdavi A., Heidari R., Khezri M., et al. Can ultrasound findings be a good predictor of sperm parameters in patients with varicocele? A cross-sectional study. Nephrourol Mon. 2016; 8(5). doi: 10.5812/numonthly.37103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prognostic predictors of fertility in young adult patients withvaricocele: peak retrograde flow velocity and reflux grade / S. Verim, S. Uguz, S. Celikkanat [et al.] // Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. – 2016. – Vol. 35, № 6. – P. 1241–1250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verim S., Uguz S., Celikkanat S., et al. Prognostic predictors of fertility in young adult patients withvaricocele: peak retrograde flow velocity and reflux grade. J Ultrasound Med. 2016; 35(6): 1241–1250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Is it important to measure the internal spermatic vein diameter after varicocelectomy? A self-controlled trial / S. Zhang, H. Li, J. Du [et al.] // Andrologia. – 2022. – Vol. 54, № 8. – doi: 10.1111/and.14484.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang S., Li H., Du J., et al. Is it important to measure the internal spermatic vein diameter after varicocelectomy? A selfcontrolled trial. Andrologia. 2022; 54(8). doi: 10.1111/and.14484.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peak retrograde flow a potential objective management tool to identify young adults with varicocele 'at risk' for a high sperm DNA fragmentation / G. De Win, D. De Neubourg, S. De Wachter [et al.] // Journal of pediatric urology. – 2021. – Vol. 17, № 6. – doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.09.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Win G., De Neubourg D., De Wachter S., et al. Peak retrograde flow a potential objective management tool to identify young adults with varicocele 'at risk' for a high sperm DNA fragmentation. J Pediatr Urol. 2021; 17(6). doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.09.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Color Doppler ultrasound investigation of varicocele / G. Liguori, C. Trombetta, G. Garaffa [et al.] // World journal of urology. – 2004. – Vol. 22, № 5. – P. 378–381.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liguori G., Trombetta C., Garaffa G., et al. Color Doppler ultrasound investigation of varicocele. World J Urol. 2004; 22(5): 378–381.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Relationship of сlinical and ultrasonographic grading of varicocele with semen analysis profile and testicular volume / A. Abolhasani Foroughi, M. Dallaki, S. Hosseini [et al.] // Journal of reproduction &amp; infertility. – 2022. – Vol. 23, № 2. – P. 84–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abolhasani Foroughi A., Dallaki M., Hosseini S., et al. Relationship of clinical and ultrasonographic grading of varicocele with semen analysis profile and testicular volume. Journal of reproduction &amp; infertility. 2022; 23(2): 84–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
