<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">healthcare</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение. Healthcare</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Healthcare</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1027-7218</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Technologies, Informatization, Management and Health Economics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.65249/1027-7218-2026-2-58-66</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">healthcare-252</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НЕПРЕРЫВНОЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Саркоидоз: становление нозологической концепции (исторический обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sarcoidosis: the formation of a nosological concept (historical review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0393-3899</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коровкин</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korovkin</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коровкин Валентин Сергеевич – д. м. н., профессор кафедры пульмонологии, фтизиатрии, аллергологии и профпатологии с курсом ПКиП </p><p>Пр. Дзержинского, 83, 220116, г. Минск </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>Белорусский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коровкин В.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коровкин В.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korovkin V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://healthcare.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/252">https://healthcare.ejournal.by/jour/article/view/252</self-uri><abstract><p>В Международной классификации болезней 10-го пересмотра саркоидоз отнесен к классу болезней крови, кроветворных органов и иммунологических нарушений.</p><p>Описанное почти 150 лет тому назад заболевание остается загадочным и нередко ставит сложные дифференциально-диагностические задачи перед пульмонологами, урологами, офтальмологами, дерматологами, кардиологами, невропатологами и гинекологами. В представленном обзоре описаны основные этапы изучения этой патологии, разнообразные ее манифестации, подчеркнута важная роль отдельных исследователей в диагностике различных проявлений саркоидоза.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, sarcoidosis is classified under the category of diseases of the blood, hematopoietic organs, and immunological disorders.</p><p>Described nearly 150 years ago, this disease remains enigmatic and often poses complex differential diagnostic challenges for pulmonologists, urologists, ophthalmologists, dermatologists, cardiologists, neurologists, and gynecologists. This review describes the key stages of studying this pathology, its diverse manifestations, and emphasizes the important role of individual researchers in diagnosing the various manifestations of sarcoidosis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>саркоидоз</kwd><kwd>история</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sarcoidosis</kwd><kwd>history</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchinson, J. Anomalous diseases of skin and fingers: case of livid papillary psoriasis / J. Hutchinson // Illustrations of clinical surgery. – 1877. – Vol. 1. – P. 42–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchinson J. Anomalous diseases of skin and fingers: case of livid papillary psoriasis? Illustrations of clinical surgery. 1877; 1: 42–43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchinson, J. Mortimer’s malady : a form of lupus pernio / J. Hutchinson // Archives of Surgery. – 1898. – Vol. 9. – P. 307–315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchinson J. Mortimer’s malady: a form of lupus pernio. Arch Surg. 1898; 9: 307–315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Willan, R. Description and Treatment of Cutaneous Diseases / R. Willan. – London : J. Johnson, 1798.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Willan R. Description and Treatment of Cutaneous Diseases. London: J. Johnson; 1798.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Besnier, E. Lupus pernio de la face: synovites fongueuses symetriques des extremites superieures / E. Besnier // Annales de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie. – 1889. – Vol. 10. – P. 333–336.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Besnier E. Lupus pernio de la face: synovites fongueuses symétriques des extrémités supérieures. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr. 1889; 10: 333–336.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boeck, C. Multiple benign sarcoid of the skin / C. Boeck // Journal of Cutaneous and Genito-Urinary Diseases. – 1899. – Vol. 17. – P. 543–550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boeck C. Multiple benign sarcoid of the skin. J Cutan Genito-Urin Dis. 1899; 17: 543–550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саркоидоз : монография / под ред. А. А. Визеля ; Российское респираторное о-во. – М. : Атмосфера, 2010. – 416 с. – (Серия монографий Российского респираторного общества).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vizel' A.A. Sarcoidosis. Moscow: Atmosfera; 2010. 416. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Теребинский, В. И. К вопросу о Multiple benigne Sarcoid der Haut (Boeck) (Benignes Mitiar Lupoid) / В. И. Теребинский. – Харьков, 1907.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terebinskij, V. I. On the Question of Multiple Lupoid Sarcoids (Multiple Lupoids). Har'kov; 1907. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schaumann, J. Etude sur le lupus pernio et ses rapports avec les sarcoides et la tuberculose / J. Schaumann // Annales de Dermatologie et de Syphilographie. – 1916–1917. – Vol. 6. – P. 357–373.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schaumann J. Etude sur le lupus pernio et ses rapports avec les sarcoides et la tuberculose. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr. 1916–1917; 6: 357–373.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barber, H. W. Benign lymphogranuloma (Schaumann) / H. W. Barber // Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. – 1927. – Vol. 20(9). – P. 1344‒1345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barber H.W. Benign lymphogranuloma (Schaumann). Proc R Soc Med. 1927; 20(9): 1344‒1345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holubar, K. In memory of J. F. F. Theodor Langhans (1839–1915) / K. Holubar // Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. – 1989. – Vol. 101, № 24. – P. 867‒870.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holubar K. In memory of J. F. F. Theodor Langhans (1839–1915). Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1989; 101(24): 867‒870.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holubar, K. Paul Wilhelm Heinrich Langerhans (1847–1888). In memory of the centenary of his death 20 July 1988 / K. Holubar // Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. – 1988. – Vol. 100, № 15. – P. 514‒519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holubar K. Paul Wilhelm Heinrich Langerhans (1847–1888). In memory of the centenary of his death 20 July 1988. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1988; 100(15): 514‒519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jungling, O. Ostitis tuberculosa multiplex cystica (eine eigenartige Form der Knochentuberkulose) / O. Jungling // Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen. – Hamburg, 1919–1921. – Vol. 27. – P. 375–383.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jungling O. Ostitis tuberculosa multiplex cystica (eine eigenartige Form der Knochentuberkulose). Fortschr Röntgenstr. Hamburg. 1919–1921; 27: 375–383.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perthes, G. C. Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift / G. C. Perthes. – 1922. – Vol. 69 – P. 99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perthes G.C. Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift. 1922; 69: 99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heerford, C. F. Uber eine “Febris uveo-parotidea subchronicaˮ, an der Glandula parotis und der Uvea des Augeslokalisiert und haufig mit Paresen cerebrospinaler Nerven kompliziert / C. F. Heerford // Graefes Arhiv fur Ophthalmologie. – 1909. – Vol. 70. – P. 254–273.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heerford C.F. Uber eine “Febris uveo-parotidea subchronicaˮ, an der Glandula parotis und der Uvea des Augeslokalisiert und haufig mit Paresen cerebrospinaler Nerven kompliziert. Graefes Arhiv fur Ophthalmologie. 1909; 70: 254–273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lofgren, S. Etiology and pathogenesis of erythema nodosum and erythema induratum // Nordisk medicin. – 1951. – Vol. 46 (28). – P. 1069‒1072.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lofgren S. Etiology and pathogenesis of erythema nodosum and erythema induratum. Nord Med. 1951; 46(28): 1069‒1072.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lofgren, S. Primary pulmonary sarcoidosis. I. Early signs and symptoms / S. Lofgren // Acta Medica Scandinavica. – 1953. – Vol. 145, № 6. – P. 424‒431.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lofgren S. Primary pulmonary sarcoidosis. I. Early signs and symptoms. Acta Med Scand. 1953; 145(6): 424‒431.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coste, F. Febrile polyarthralgia, first manifestations of Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann sarcoidosis / F. Coste, J. Chabot // Revue du rhumatisme et des maladies osteo-articulaires. – 1953. – Vol. 20, № 2. – P. 154‒157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coste F., Chabot J. Febrile polyarthralgia, first manifestations of Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann sarcoidosis. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1953; 20(2): 154‒157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrel, G. Blood chemical changes in Boeck’s sarcoid with particular reference to protein, calcium andphosphatase values / G. Harrel, S. Fisher // Journal of Clinical Investigation. – 1939. – Vol. 18, № 6. – P. 687–693.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrel G., Fisher S. Blood chemical changes in Boeck’s sarcoid with particular reference to protein, calcium andphosphatase values. J Clin Invest. 1939; 18(6): 687–693.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kveim, M. A. A new and specific cutaneous reaction in Boeck’s sarcoidosis / M. A. Kveim. – Nordisk Medicin, 1941. – P. 169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kveim M.A. A new and specific cutaneous reaction in Boeck’s sarcoidosis. Nord Med. 1941; 169.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Central nervous manifestations of the Besnier-BoeckSchaumann disease / A. F. Essellier, B. J. Koszewski, F. Luthy, H. U. Zollinger // Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. – 1951. – Vol. 81, № 16. – P. 376‒382.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Essellier A.F, Koszewski B.J., Luthy F., Zollinger H.U. Central nervous manifestations of the Besnier-BoeckSchaumann disease. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1951; 81(16): 376‒382.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dupont, A. Cutaneous reactions in benign lymphogranulomatosis (Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease) / Dupont, A. // Archives belges de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie. – 1951. – Vol. 7, № 2. – P. 104‒108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dupont A. Cutaneous reactions in benign lymphogranulomatosis (Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease). Arch Belg Dermatol Syphiligr. 1951; 7(2): 104‒108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pautrier, L.M. Diagnostic radiologique des lesions pulmonaires de la maladie de Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann / L. M. Pautrier // Journal de radiologie, d'electrologie &amp; archives d'electricite medicale. – 1947. – Vol. 28, № 11–12. – P. 473–475.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pautrier L.M. Diagnostic radiologique des lesions pulmonaires de la maladie de Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann. J Radiol Electrol Arch Electr Medicale. 1947; 28(11–12): 473–475.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robert, P. Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease (disseminated, nodose form degenerating with ulcerations on the lower extremities; involutive, histologic modifications: hyaline sclerosis, necrobiosis, xanthomatosis, calcification) / P. Robert // Dermatologica. – 1950. – Vol. 1, № 4–5. – P. 259‒263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robert P. Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease (disseminated, nodose form degenerating with ulcerations on the lower extremities; involutive, histologic modifications: hyaline sclerosis, necrobiosis, xanthomatosis, calcification). Dermatologica. 1950; 1(4–5): 259‒263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bronchoscopic and bronchobioptic diagnosis of pulmonary forms of sarcoidosis of Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann / J. Turiaf, P. Marland, Y. Rose, C. Sors // Bulletins et memoires de la Societe medicale des hopitaux de Paris. ‒ 1952. ‒ Vol. 68, № 30–31. – P. 1098‒1115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turiaf J., Marland P., Rose Y., Sors C. Bronchoscopic and bronchobioptic diagnosis of pulmonary forms of sarcoidosis of BesnierBoeck-Schaumann. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris. 1952; 68(30–31): 1098‒1115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peer, H. Symptomatology and course of a case of Boeck-Besnier-Schaumann disease / H. Peer, H. Kwerch // Klinische Medizin: Österreichische Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche und praktische Medizin. – 1952. – Vol. 7, № 1. ‒ Р. 34‒38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peer H., Kwerch H. Symptomatology and course of a case of Boeck-Besnier-Schaumann disease. Klin Med Osterr Z Wiss Prakt Med. 1952; 7(1): 34‒38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scadding J. G. Sarcoidosis / J. G. Scadding, D. N. Mitchell. – New York : Springer, 2013. – 704 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scadding J.G., Mitchell D.N. Sarcoidosis. New York: Springer; 2013. 704.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paesi, A. M. A case of a special form of extensive lymph node tuberculosis with miliary dissemination simulating Besnier-BoeckSchaumann disease / A. M. Paesi, C. Groppi // L'Ospedale Maggiore. ‒ 1953. ‒ Vol. 41, № 3. ‒ P. 134‒137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paesi A.M., Groppi C. A case of a special form of extensive lymph node tuberculosis with miliary dissemination simulating Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease. Osp Maggiore. 1953; 41(3): 134‒137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verstraeten, J. M. Respiration function tests in pulmonary sarcoidosis or Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease / J. M. Verstraeten, E. A. Gaensler // Journal français de medecine et chirurgie thoraciques. – 1954. – Vol. 8, № 1. – P. 53‒56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verstraeten J.M., Gaensler E.A. Respiration function tests in pulmonary sarcoidosis or Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease. J Fr Med Chir Thorac. 1954; 8(1): 53‒56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glander, R. Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease in children / R. Glander // Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde. – 1954. – Vol. 102, № 5. – P. 267‒274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glander R. Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease in children. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1954; 102(5): 267‒274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Longocope, W. T. A study of sarcoidosis; based on a combined investigation of 160 cases including 30 autopsies from The Johns Hopkins Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital / W. T. Longocope, D. G. Freiman // Medicine (Baltimore). – 1952. – Vol. 31, № 1. – P. 1–132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Longocope W.T., Freiman D.G. A study of sarcoidosis; based on a combined investigation of 160 cases including 30 autopsies from The Johns Hopkins Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital. Medicine (Baltimore). 1952; 31(1): 1–132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">James D. R., Williams J. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia : Saunders. – 1985. – Vol. 1. – P. 508.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">James D.R., Williams J. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia: Saunders. 1985; 1: 508.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wurm, K. Der lungenboek im rontgenbild / K. Wurm, H. Reindell, L. Heilmeyer. – Stuttgart : Georg Thieme. – 1958. – 219 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wurm K., Reindell H., Heilmeyer L. Der lungenboek im rontgenbild. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme; 1958. 219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Transbronchial lung biopsy for diagnosing sarcoidosis / S. K. Koerner, A. J. Sakowitz, R. I. Appelman [et al.] // The New England journal of medicine. – 1975. – Vol. 293. – P. 268–270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koerner S.K., Sakowitz A.J., Appelman R.I., et al. Transbronchial lung biopsy for diagnosing sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med. 1975; 293: 268–270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lieberman, J. The specificity and nature of serum-angiotensin-converting enzyme (serum ACE) elevations in sarcoidosis / Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. – 1976. – Vol. 278. – P. 488–497.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lieberman J. The specificity and nature of serum-angiotensin-converting enzyme (serum ACE) elevations in sarcoidosis. J Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1976; 278: 488–497.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hunninghake G. W. Bronchoalveolar T lymphocytes and pulmonary sarcoidosis / G. W. Hunninghake, R. G. Crystal // American Review of Respiratory Disease. – 1981. – Vol. 123. – P. 407–412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hunninghake G.W., Crystal R.G. Bronchoalveolar T lymphocytes and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981; 123: 407–412.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isolation and structural identiication of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced by cultured alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis / J. S. Adams, F. R. Singer, M. A. Gacad [et al.] // The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. – 1985. – Vol. 60, № 5. – P. 960–966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams J.S., Singer F.R., Gacad M.A., et al. Isolation and structural identiication of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced by cultured alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985; 60(5): 960–966.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Supplement devoted to the 1st WASOG meeting. Estoril, Lisbon Coast, October 22th–24th, 1989 // Sarcoidosis. – 1989. – Vol. 6. – P. 1–128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Supplement devoted to the 1st WASOG meeting. Sarcoidosis. 1989; 6: 1–128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders / G. W. Hunninghake, U. Costabel, M. Ando [et al.] // Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG. – 1999. – Vol. 16, № 2. ‒ P. 149‒173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hunninghake G.W., Costabel U., Ando M., et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1999; 16(2): 149‒173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Илькович, М. М. Саркоидоз органов дыхания : руководство для врачей / М. М. Илькович, Л. Н. Новикова, В. С. Лучкевич. – СПб., 1996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Il'kovich M.M,. Novikova L.N., Luchkevich V.S. Sarcoidosis of the respiratory system. Spb.; 1996. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самцов, А. В. Саркоидоз / А. В. Самцов, М. М. Илькович, Н. С. Потекаев. – СПб. : Невский диалект, 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samcov A.V., Il'kovich M.M., Potekaev N.S. Sarcoidosis. Spb.: Nevskij dialect; 2001. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каминская, Г. О. Представления о метаболических сдвигах, сопутствующих саркоидозу / Г. О. Каминская // Проблемы туберкулеза. – 2006. – № 3. – С. 52–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaminskaya G.O. Concepts of metabolic changes associated with sarcoidosis. Problemy tuberkuleza. 2006; 3: 52–61. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Диагностика и лечение саркоидоза : резюме Федеральных согласительных клинических рекомендаций (Часть II. Диагностика, лечение, прогноз) / А. Г. Чучалин, А. А. Визель, М. М. Илькович [и др.] // Вестник современной клинической медицины. – 2014. – Т. 7, вып. 5. – С. 73–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuchalin A.G., Vizel', A.A. Il'kovich M.M., et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Sarcoidosis. Vestnik sovremennoj klinicheskoj mediciny. 2014; 7(5): 73–81. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Judson, M. A. The etiologic agent of sarcoidosis. What if there isn’t one? / M. A. Judson // Chest. – 2003. – Vol. 124. – P. 6–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Judson M.A. The etiologic agent of sarcoidosis. What if there isn’t one? Chest. 2003; 124: 6–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spagnolo, P. Recent advances in the genetics of sarcoidosis / P. Spagnolo, J. Grunewald // Journal of Medical Genetics. – 2013. – Vol. 50. – P. 290–297.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spagnolo P., Grunewald J. Recent advances in the genetics of sarcoidosis. J Med Genet. 2013. 50: 290–297.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spagnolo, P. Environmental triggers and susceptibility factors in idiopathic granulomatous diseases / P. Spagnolo, L. Richeldi, R. M. du Bois // Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine. – 2008 – Vol. 29. – P. 610–619.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spagnolo P., Richeldi L., du Bois R. M. Environmental triggers and susceptibility factors in idiopathic granulomatous diseases. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008; 29: 610–619.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noor, A. Immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis / A. Noor, K. S. Knox Clinics in dermatology. – 2007. – Vol. 25. – P. 250–258.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noor A., Knox K.S. Immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Clin Dermatol. 2007; 25: 250–258.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zissel, G. Cellular activation in the immune response of sarcoidosis / G. Zissel // Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. – 2014. – Vol. 35. – P. 307–315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zissel G. Cellular activation in the immune response of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014; 35: 307–315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grunewald, J. Lofgren’s syndrome. Human Leukocyte Antigen strongly influences the disease course / J. Grunewald, A. Eklund // American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. – 2009. – Vol. 179. – P. 307–312.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grunewald J., Eklund A. Lofgren’s syndrome. Human Leukocyte Antigen strongly influences the disease course. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009; 179: 307–312.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iannuzzi, M. C. Sarcoidosis: clinical presentation, immunopathogenesis, and therapeutics / M. C. Iannuzzi, J. R. Fontana // JAMA. – 2011. – 305, № 4. – P. 391–399.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iannuzzi M.C., Fontana J.R. Sarcoidosis: clinical presentation, immunopathogenesis, and therapeutics. JAMA. 2011; 305(4): 391–399.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балионис, О. И. Генетические предикторы течения саркоидоза легких в российской популяции / О. И. Балионис, А. Г. Никитин, А. В. Аверьянов // Вестник современной клинической медицины. – 2022. – Т. 15, вып. 4. – С. 18–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balionis O.I., Nikitin A.G., Aver'yanov A.V. Genetic predictors of the course of pulmonary sarcoidosis in the Russian population. Vestnik sovremennoj klinicheskoj mediciny. 2022; 15(4): 18–25. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саркоидоз : федеральные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению / А. Г. Чучалин, С. Н. Авдеев, З. Р. Айсанов [и др.]. // Пульмонология. – 2022. – Т. 32, № 6. – C. 806–833.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuchalin A. G., Avdeev S. N., Ajsanov Z. R. Sarcoidosis. Pul'monologiya. 2022; 32(6): 806–833. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
