Preview

Healthcare

Advanced search

Gerontology: pathophysiological mechanisms of human development

https://doi.org/10.65249/1027-7218-2026-2-45-57

Abstract

This article examines the pathophysiological mechanisms of the body's dynamic development, which determine the essence of aging, and the main mechanisms that shape healthy aging. Aging is a continuous pathophysiological process characterized by progressive age-related changes in metabolism and the physicochemical properties of cells, leading to impaired self-regulation, regeneration, and functional and structural changes in tissues and organs. Aging is an evolving issue, not only from a scientific perspective, but also from a socio-demographic perspective.

About the Author

V. Sushchevich
Минская ордена Трудового Красного Знамени областная клиническая больница
Belarus


References

1. Kalabikhina I., Krasovskaya N., Kalmykova N. Demographic aging in the Republic of Belarus: challenges and new opportunities. Minsk: Belsance; 2018. 47. (in Russian)

2. World Health Organization. Рress release: by 2050 the number of people over 60 will double; dramatic social change (WHO). Available at: https://www.who.int/ru/news/item/30-09-2015-who-number-of-people-over-60-years-set-to-double-by-2050-majorsocietal-changes-required (accessed: 22.07.2025). (in Russian)

3. Shalini S., Dorstyn L., Dawar S., Kumar S. Old, new and emerging functions of caspases. Cell Death Differ. 2015; 22(4): 526–539.

4. Tkacheva O.N., Runikhina N.K., Kotovskaya Yu.V., et al. Prevention of premature aging in women. Available at: https://rgnkc.ru/images/pdf_documets/metodicheskie_rekomndacii_psj.pdf?ysclid=mlyzmfbmw3493686430 (accessed: 22.07.2025). (in Russian)

5. Fomchenko N.E., Voropaev E.V., Skachkov A.V., Zatora N.Yu. The biological role of mitochondria in the aging of the human body. Problemy zdorov'ya i ekologii. 2015; 4: 8–13.

6. Lopez-Otin C., Blasco M., Partridge L., et al. The Hallmarks of Aging. Cell. 2013; 153(6): 1194–1217.

7. Mikheev R.K., Andreeva E.N., Grigoryan O.R., et al. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging: modern ideas. Problemy endokrinologii. 2023; 69(5): 45–54.

8. Lee T.F., Zhai J., Meyers B.C. Conservation and divergence in eukaryotic DNA methylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010; 107(20): 9027–9028.

9. Sarwath H., Bansal D., Husain N. Introduction of p16INK4a as a surrogate biomarker for HPV in women with invasive cervical cancer in Sudan. Infect Agent Cancer. 2017; 12: 379–389.

10. Vasilevich N.I. Molecular markers of aging. Laboratoriya i proizvodstvo. 2020; 3(13): 118–128. (in Russian)

11. Masyutina A.M., Pashchenkov M.V., Pinegin B.V. Cellular aging: mechanisms and clinical significance. Immunologiya. 2024; 45(2): 221–234. (in Russian)

12. Zhumagul M.Zh., Kydyrbaeva A.K., Taneeva G.T., et al. Influence of epigenetic factors on telomere shortening. Vestnik Kazahskogo medicinskogo universiteta. 2018; 1:457–459. (in Russian)

13. Telomeric theory of aging and tumorigenesis for medicine. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/telomernayakontseptsiya-stareniya-i-onkogeneza-dlya-meditsiny/viewer (accessed: 22.07.2025).

14. The telomere syndromes / M. Armanios, E. Blackburn // Nat Rev Genet. 2012; 13(10): 693–704.

15. Fragkiadaki P., Renieri E., Kalliantasi K., et al. Inhibitors and activators of telemerase in aging and cancer. Mol Med Rep. 2022; 25(5): 158–169.

16. Jaeger C., Kruiskamp S., Voronska E., et al. A natural astragalus-based nutritional supplement lengthens telomeres in a middleaged population. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17): 2963–2970.

17. Dubrovsky Y.V., Samsa W.E., Kondratov R.V. Deficiency of circadian protein CLOCK reduces lifespan and increases age-related cataract development in mice. Aging (Albany NY). 2010; 2: 936–944.

18. Endothelial dysfunction: experimental and clinical studies. Vitebsk: VGU im. P. M. Masherova; 2014. 257.

19. Krishnan A., Williams L.J., McIntosh A.R., Abdi H. Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods for neuroimaging. Neuroimage. 2011; 56(2): 455–475.

20. Greer E., Maures T., Ucar D., Hauswirth A. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 2011; 479: 365–371.

21. Kulikova V.A., Gromyko D.V., Nikiforov A.A. The role of NAD in regulatory processes in human and animal cells. Biochemistry. 2018; 83(7): 987–1001. (in Russian)

22. Das S., Mitrovsky G., Vasanthi H.R., Das D.K. Antiaging properties of a grape derived antioxidant are regulated by mitochondrial balance of fusion and fission leading to mitophagy triggered by a signaling network of Sirt1-Sirt3-Foxo3-PINK1-PARKIN. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014; 214. – doi: 10.1155/2014/345105.

23. Frombaum M., Le Clanche S., Bonnefont-Rousselot D., Borderie D. Antioxidant effects of resveratrol and other stilbene derivatives on oxidative stress and NO bioavailability: Potential benefits to cardiovascular diseases. Biochimie. 2012; 94(2): 269–276.

24. Pendurthi U.R., Williams J.T., Rao L.V. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in wine, inhibits tissue factor expression in vascular cells: a possible mechanism for the cardiovascular benefits as-sociated with moderate consumption of wine. Arterioscler Throm Vase Biol. 1999; 19: 419–426.

25. Bejenaru L.E., Bita A., Belu Ai., Senianu A.E., et al. Resveratrol. Appl Sci. 2024; 14: 4534–4555.

26. Usta E., Mustafi M., Walker T., Ziemer G. Resveratrol suppresses apoptosis in intact human cardiac tissue – in vitro model simulating extracorporeal circulation. J Cardiovasc Surg. 2011; 52(3): 399–409.

27. Vetterli L., Maechler P. Resveratrol-activated SIRT1 in liver and pancreatic β-cells: a Janus head looking to the same direction of metabolic homeostasis. Aging (Albany NY). 2011; 3(4): 444–449.

28. Brown H.E., Pearson N.N., Braithwaite R.E., et al. Physical activity interventions and depression in children and adolescents. Sport Med. 2013; Vol. 43(3): 195–206.

29. Rubinsztein D., Marino G., Kroemer G. Autophagy and aging. Cell. 2011; 2(5): 682–695.

30. Rando T., Chang H. Aging, rejuvenation, and epigenetic reprogramming: resetting the aging clock. Cell. 2012; 20(148): 46–57.

31. Kondratov R.V., Kondratova A.A., Gorbacheva V.Y., et al. Early aging and age-related pathologies in mice deficient in BMAL1, the core componentof the circadian clock. Genes Dev. 2006; 20(14): 1868–1873.

32. Bitto A., Wang A.M., Bennett Ch.F., Kaeberlein M. Biochemical genetic pathways that modulate aging in multiple species. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine. 2015; 5(11): 129–133.

33. Lamont А., Kim T., Somers S., et al. Is red wine a SAFE sip away from cardioprotection? Mechanisms involved in resveratrol and melatonin-induced cardioprotection. J Pineal Res. 2011; 50(4): 374–380.

34. Campisi J. Cell biology: The beginning of the end. Nature. 2014; 505: 35–36.

35. Wang W., Liang J., Zhang Y., et al. Myeloid sirtuin 6 deficiency causes obesity in mice by inducing norepinephrine degradation to limit thermogenic tissue function. Sci Signal. 2025; 18: 33–41.

36. Enukashvili N.I., Skazina M.A., Chubar' A.V., Mashutin A.B. The effect of geroprotectors astragaloside, cycloastragenol, and the timovil – epivial peptide complex on telomere length and telomerase activity in human mesenchymal stromal cells and senescent fibroblasts. Citologiya. 2019; 61(11): 855–863. (in Russian)

37. Schiborr C., Kocher A., Behnam D., et al. The oral bioavailability of curcumin from micronized powder and liquid micelles is significantly increased in healthy humans and differs between sexes. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014; 58(3): 516–527.

38. Fomchenko N.E., Voropaev E.V. Biological aspects of apoptosis. Problemy zdorov'ya i ekologii. 2013; 1(1): 39–45. (in Russian)

39. Shishko E.D., Gamaleya N.F., Minchenko A.G. Daily rhythm, circadian genes and malignant neoplasms. Onkologiya. 2010; 12. – Available at: https://www.oncology.kiev.ua/article/1245/sutochnyj-ritm-cirkadiannye-geny-i-zlokachestvennye-novoobrazovaniya (accessed 20.08.2025). (in Russian)

40. BMAL1-dependent regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway delays aging. – Available at: https://www.aging-us.com/article/100633/text (accessed: 22.07.2025).

41. Fleg J.L., Strait J. Age-associated changes in cardiovascular structure and function. Heart Fail Rev. 2012; 17(4–5): 545–554.

42. V.N. Yarygin (ed.) Guide to gerontology and geriatrics. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2010. 896. (in Russian)

43. Figurek A., Luycks V.A., Mueller T.F. Systematic review of renal functional reserve in adult kidney donors. Kid Int Rep. 2020; 5(4): 448–458. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.12.021. PMID: 32274451.

44. Troshin V.D. Spiritual dominant and aging of the body. Byulleten' sibirskoj mediciny. 2009; 8(3): 67–71. (in Russian)

45. Danilyuk A.Ya., Kondakov A.M., Tishkov V.A. The concept of spiritual and moral development and education of a Russian citizen's personality. Moscow: Prosveshchenie; 2009. 24. (in Russian)

46. What are your thoughts – such is your life. Available at: https: //alexey-osipov.ru/?ysclid=mlz1o8z0p4661063288 (accessed: 20.08.2025). (in Russian)

47. Grineva E.A., Davletshina L.Kh. To the question of the essence of the concepts of “spirituality”, “morality”, “spiritual and moral potential”. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2013; 1(1): 1–8. (in Russian)


Review

For citations:


Sushchevich V. Gerontology: pathophysiological mechanisms of human development. Healthcare. 2026;(2):45-57. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.65249/1027-7218-2026-2-45-57

Views: 233

JATS XML


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 1027-7218 (Print)