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Еtiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and diagnosis of keratoconus (literature review)

Abstract

   Keratoconus is a bilateral, progressive, asymmetric, genetically determined, degenerative-dystrophic disease of the cornea, which leads to thinning and a decrease in the local biomechanical strength of the cornea. Changes in the shape of the cornea lead to refractive errors and irregular astigmatism, a pronounced decrease in vision and the impossibility of selecting correction with glasses or soft contact lenses. There is a deterioration in the patient’s quality of life, his social maladjustment and limitation in professional activity.
   Traditionally, the condition has been described as a non-inflammatory disorder; however, inflammatory factors have increasingly been implicated in the etiology of keratoconus. Keratoconus typically develops in the second and third decades of life and progresses into the fourth decade. The condition affects all ethnicities and both sexes. The prevalence and incidence of keratoconus are estimated to be between 0.2 and 4790 per 100,000 persons and 1.5 and 25 cases per 100,000 persons per year, respectively, with the highest rates typically occurring in people aged 20 to 30 years. Risk factors for the development of keratoconus include a family history of keratoconus, eye rubbing, eczema, asthma, and allergies. Detection of keratoconus in its earliest stages remains challenging. Corneal keratotopography and pachymetry performed on a Scheimpflug camera are the main diagnostic tools for detecting keratoconus. However, in the early stages, using a single criterion to diagnose keratoconus is insufficient, and corneal keratotopography is now commonly supplemented by corneal OCT, biomechanical studies, and aberrometry data.
   This article provides a literature review.

About the Authors

L. Stolyarova
10-я городская клиническая больница
Belarus


T. Imshanetskaya
ИПК и ПКЗ УО «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет»
Belarus


D. Abelski
ООО «МедВайз» — Центр михрохирургии глаза VOKA
Belarus


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Stolyarova L., Imshanetskaya T., Abelski D. Еtiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and diagnosis of keratoconus (literature review). Healthcare. 2025;(6):29-49. (In Russ.)

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