Objective. To evaluate the social and economic effectiveness of introducing a new method for treating skin burns in infants and early childhood using bioplastic material.
Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of treatment outcomes was conducted for 48 patients treated for mosaic skin burns between 2017 and 2020. The study group consisted of bioplastic materials in various forms (gel, powder, membrane) and hydrocolloid dressings; the control group consisted of hydrocolloid dressings. Social satisfaction and cost-effectiveness were assessed depending on the treatment method.
Results. The calculated indicators of the coefficients of social satisfaction and medical effectiveness during the introduction into clinical practice of a new method for treating skin burns in infants and early childhood using all forms of bioplastic material (7 % gel, powder, membrane) amounted to 1.0 and exceeded the values in the control group of the study when using only hydrocolloid dressings with a level of 0.75 and 0.56, respectively. The cost per unit of surgical avoidance benefit from using bioplastic material is 2.1 times lower than with traditional treatment. The direct economic benefit of using type I collagen is achieved by reducing the length of hospital stay and amounts to BYN 1,158.8 per patient, with the overall economic benefit of clinical application of the new treatment method amounting to BYN 37,081.6.
Conclusion. The developed method for treating thermal skin burns in infants and young children with a burn wound area of no more than 1.5 % of the total body surface area and deep burn areas (classified as grade III burns according to ICD-10) no larger than 2 cm2 is not only clinically effective but also has a positive socioeconomic impact.

Objective. To develop a method for using platelet gel in surgical interventions for extended urethral strictures using buccal urethral ligation and to evaluate its effectiveness.
Materials and methods. The study included 13 male patients with penile and bulbar urethral strictures. All patients underwent a clinical examination before surgery and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, including a medical history, a questionnaire using the International Prostate Score System, a complete urine analysis and culture; uroflowmetry, ultrasound examination of the genitourinary system with measurement of residual urine volume and urethral stricture extent, and retrograde urethrography. Following the examination, the patients underwent urethral reconstructive surgery using a buccal autograft and platelet-rich gel. The gel was applied to the buccal autograft intraoperatively, during its fixation to the corpus spongiosum, and also by irrigating and applying it to the anastomotic area during anastomotic urethroplasty.
Results. The average age of the study participants was 55.0 ± 4.7 years. Seven patients were diagnosed with a bulbar urethral stricture, and six with a penile urethral stricture. The average urethral stricture length was 4.84 ± 0.99 cm. The duration of the surgery was 149.23 ± 38.23 min. The surgery concluded with the placement of a cystostomy in one patient, and the placement of a urinary catheter in the others. Twelve months after surgery, a follow-up examination in the study group revealed stenosis of the distal anastomosis in one patient, requiring a repeat procedure—internal optical urethrotomy. Satisfactory voiding was observed in 12 patients.
Conclusion. Buccal autograft urethral stricture substitution using platelet gel demonstrated a 92.31% efficacy rate in long-term follow-up of patients with urethral strictures. The use of platelet gel in the treatment of extensive urethral strictures using buccal mucosa does not worsen wound healing, is not accompanied by wound suppuration, graft shrinkage, or urethral lumen narrowing. No signs of graft rejection or reduction were observed during follow-up. Platelet gel can be used to improve the results of urethral stricture substitution.

Objective. To identify factors associated with the development of metabolic disorders in newborns born to mothers with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and to evaluate their prognostic significance for early risk stratification.
Materials and methods. The study included 150 “mother – full-term newborn” dyads, divided into three groups of 50 pairs based on the presence and type of maternal carbohydrate metabolism disorder type diabetes: type 1 DM, gestational DM or no disorder.
Results. Analysis of the course of pregnancy revealed a significantly more severe course for women with pre-pregnancy type 1 DM (development of preeclampsia, persistent hyperglycemia despite basal-bolus insulin therapy) compared to women who developed gestational DM and those without impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Newborns of mothers with type 1 DM had all signs of diabetic fetopathy (macrosomia, various congenital heart defects, neonatal hypoglycemia), which were accompanied by morphometric changes in the hepatobiliary system. The persistence of autoantibodies against islet cells in the serum of newborns in the first group indicates active maternal disease and is an epigenetically adverse factor in the development of immune tolerance in the child’s body. 
Conclusion. Predicting the susceptibility of newborns born to mothers with type 1 DM to metabolic disorders and optimizing metabolic control will help reduce morbidity and improve the quality of life for this patient population.

Objective. To substantiate a comprehensive diagnostic approach within the framework of the clinical standard for voice disorders in children.
Materials and methods. The algorithm was developed based on a retrospective analysis of patients' clinical data (anamnestic information, results of subjective and objective assessment of vocal function) obtained during the examination of children of the Belarusian population aged 4–12 years.
Results. It was revealed that during the collection of medical history from parents, it is necessary to focus on the risk factors for hearing loss, as well as on the presence of somatic pathology accompanied by voice disorders. The necessity of using the Voice Handicap Index questionnaire and expert assessment of the child's voice by both the parent and the doctor (Fischer test, p = 0.0) is proved. Dissociation of the informational significance of laryngoscopy (13.0 %) was established in comparison with the expert assessment of voice (76.9 %) and qualitative and quantitative parameters of acoustic analysis of voice (100.0 %); The revealed differences between diagnostic methods are statistically significant (p < 0.05 for all paired comparisons). The diagnostic value of acoustic voice analysis indicators (F0_SD, Jitter, and Shimmer) in diagnosing a child's voice disorder has been proven. A method for diagnosing dysphonia in children has been developed (the instructions for use “Method for diagnosing dysphonia in children” include a subjective and objective assessment of children's voices with clearly defined criteria for detecting voice disorders).
Conclusion. The study proved the expediency of introducing into clinical practice a comprehensive diagnostic algorithm for children with voice disorders, which includes both subjective methods and objective techniques (acoustic analysis and laryngoscopy). This approach minimizes the risk of diagnostic errors and increases the effectiveness of subsequent rehabilitation.

Objective. To conduct a comparative analysis of changes in the dimensions of the great pelvis in primiparous and multiparous women of different heights at registration for pregnancy and on the eve of childbirth.
Materials and methods. The study included 260 women with a singleton pregnancy. Depending on their height, all the patients were divided into two groups: A and B. Group A (N = 108) included women whose height was below 167 cm. Group B (N = 152) included patients whose height was 167 cm or more. Groups A and B were divided into subgroups (A1 and A2, B1 and B2) depending on the parity of the birth: subgroups A1 (n = 57) and B1 (n = 68) – first-time mothers; subgroups A2 (n = 51) and B2 (n = 84) – second-time mothers.
Results. Changes in the size of the large pelvis during pregnancy are a physiological process, and their severity depends on the woman's constitutional characteristics, particularly her height. The most statistically significant changes were observed in the conjugata externa of low-height first-time mothers and high-height second-time mothers, while the other dimensions of the pelvis did not show any statistically significant changes.
Conclusion. Thus, it is not possible to judge the width and size of the pelvis solely based on height. It is always necessary to measure the pelvis both during pregnancy registration and on the eve of childbirth, as this will help to establish the dynamic transformation of the pelvis during gestation and may contribute to improving the assessment of the risk of obstetric complications.

Objective. To develop and practically validate a system of interim quality assessment criteria for unregistered diagnostic test systems intended for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and antigens, enabling the rapid selection of reliable products for clinical and epidemiological practice across the Republic of Belarus.
Materials and methods. The criteria were developed based on four principles: operational efficiency (shortening timelines by focusing on critical parameters), acceptable risk (balancing speed of deployment against potential harm from diagnostic errors), adaptability (flexibility depending on pathogen properties and epidemic phase), and stepwise validation (accelerated initial assessment followed by full registration). For antigen rapid tests, 50 nasopharyngeal swabs with known PCR results were used, stratified by viral load (Ct < 20, Ct = 20–30, Ct > 30). Statistical analysis included calculation of sensitivity and specificity, Clopper – Pearson exact method for binomial proportions, and kappa coefficient for agreement. All criteria were enacted by orders of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus. Over the pandemic period, 39 validation studies were conducted (6 for antibody detection and 33 for virus antigen detection).
Results. A positive conclusion was issued for 61.5 % of the evaluated systems. The proposed algorithm enabled the rapid selection of high-quality test systems and prevented the introduction of ineffective diagnostic products into clinical practice.
Conclusion. The developed validation system can serve as a model for rapid response in the event of epidemiological emergencies, allowing timely deployment of reliable diagnostic tools.

Objective. To compare the prevalence of alcohol consumption in the Republics of Belarus, Moldova and Uzbekistan, taking into account gender and age.
Materials and methods. Materials and Methods. Using data from STEPS surveys, the Republic of Belarus (2020), the Republic of Moldova (2021), the Republic of Uzbekistan (2019), Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders (WHO, 2024), a comparative analysis of the prevalence of alcohol consumption in the countries depending on gender and age was conducted. Methods – content analysis, statistical analysis. 
Results. Reliable differences in the prevalence of alcohol consumption were found: Belarusians and Moldavians have a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption compared to the residents of Uzbekistan. Alcohol consumption has gender and age differences: in the represented countries the share of male drinkers is higher; there is no decrease in the share of drinking population with age.
Conclusion. When developing national strategies to prevent non-communicable diseases risk factors, gender and age-specific patterns of alcohol consumption should be taken into account. The prevalence of alcohol consumption is not influenced by the model of socio-economic development of the state, as well as the type of health care system functioning in the country. The responsibility of citizens for preserving and strengthening their health is inextricably linked to leading a healthy lifestyle.

This article presents a modern definition of pulmonary emphysema, diagnostic and modern methods of differentiated and surgical treatment. The role of rehabilitation and preventive measures in preventing the development of a disability in patients with pulmonary emphysema is discussed.

The purpose of this review is to summarize current advances in electrocardiogram recording, including device miniaturization and wireless and digital technologies. Innovative engineering developments have expanded the capabilities for diagnosing cardiac electrical instability in children. Modernization of electrocardiographic equipment and digital integration require a reassessment of previously established pediatric electrocardiogram standards. The problem of interpreting data from wearable and eventbased electrocardiogram recording devices remains pressing, as most automatic algorithms are not adapted to the physiological characteristics of the pediatric heart. In pediatric cardiology, the use of artificial intelligence tools in electrocardiogram interpretation is promising for screening and risk stratification of arrhythmias, structural heart diseases, and channelopathies.