Objective. To evaluate and compare anthropometric and early postnatal factors, time of anemia manifistation, treatment and peripheral blood erythroid indicators in premature infants depending on gestational age.
Materials and methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 110 premature newborns with early anemia of prematurity. The babies was divided depending on the gestational age at birth into 3 groups: group 1— up to 28 weeks of gestation (n = 16); group 2 — with a gestational age of 28—31 weeks (n = 63); group 3 — with a gestational age of 32—37 weeks (n = 31). We were analyzed anthropometric parameters, the presence of asphyxia at birth, the need for artificial ventilation of the lungs and its duration, treatment with erythropoietin preparations and erythrocyte blood components. We were studied the indicators of erythroid growth in peripheral blood at the time of birth and at the time of manifestation of anemia. Statistical calculations were carried out in the R statistical package, version 4.3.
Results. The results of the study indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in the timing of manifestation of anemia of prematurity in children depending on the gestational age. We was also found a trend to a decrease in the absolute number of red blood cells at birth with a decrease in gestational age. We found absence of trend of hemoglobin concentration and gestational age. Аt the time of manifestation of anemia а trend of lower values of hemoglobin concentration is determined with a decrease in the gestational age of the premature baby.
Conclusion. Blood transfusion therapy in children with a gestational age of less than 28 weeks is a temporary measure to correct anemia. Hemotransfusions does not reduce the severity of this condition compared to children of later gestational age. Also, the established patterns of changes in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin concentration in premature infants at birth indicate the predominance of a violation of the proliferative activity of erythroid cells, but not the processes of hemoglobinization. The analysis of the indicators of the relative number of reticulocytes, taking into account the presence of anemia of anemia of prematurity, indicates the lack of adequate regenerative ability of the erythroid sprout of the bone marrow.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of medical habilitation (MH) using dry immersion for encephalopathy in premature infants.
Materials and methods. The study included 212 premature infants with a gestational age of 26 to 37 weeks, aged from birth to 2 years inclusive. Inclusion criteria: premature infants with a gestational age of less than 37 weeks, spontaneous breathing, parental consent to the developed MH. Exclusion criteria: congenital malformations, genetic metabolic diseases, artificial lung ventilation, aggressive retinopathy, lack of parental consent for MH. Before the start of MH, two groups were formed: group 1 — patients who underwent dry immersion in the neonatal period and group 2 — patients who underwent MH without dry immersion.
Results. It was established that in the group 2, after completion of MA using dry immersion, the incidence of periventricular edema according to the results of neurosonography significantly decreased by 2.2 times (p_{Cochrane — Mantel — Haenszel} ˂ 0.001). Integration of dry immersion into the MA program and its use in the neonatal period have a delayed effect and almost 3 times increase the chances of reducing neuroreflex excitability (OR = 2.95, 95% CI (1.61; 5.37); p_{Cochrane — Mantel — Haenszel} = 0.0006).
Conclusion. Reproduction of microgravity effects under complex MA conditions using the dry immersion method in the neonatal period promotes more rapid disappearance of periventricular edema according to neurosonography results, has long-term effects on neurodevelopment with a decrease in neuroreflex excitability in the first months of life and a favorable effect on developmental outcomes at the age of 2 years.

The article presents the results of a survey conducted among first-year students majoring in “General Medicine” at Gomel State Medical University on the effectiveness of using immersive learning technologies. The impact of these technologies on the development of professional skills and competencies was analyzed. The key advantages of immersive methods in studying the discipline “First Aid” were identified, including increased student engagement, improved retention of material, and enhanced confidence in providing emergency medical care. Immersive technologies enable the simulation of complex clinical situations, ensuring realism and reducing stress for learners. The study results highlight the importance of implementing such methods to create a safe and interactive educational environment that fosters clinical thinking. It was also shown that these technologies help students more effectively master teamwork algorithms, develop quick decision-making skills, and adapt to various emergency medical scenarios. Thus, the use of immersive learning opens up new prospects for improving the educational process, providing students with high-quality training, comprehensive practical skill development, and adaptation to real clinical conditions, which is especially important for their future professional activities.

Objective. To justify the relevance of providing psychological help to people with disabilities due to mental and behavioral disorders, as well as their relatives, to determine the conditions and amount of such help.
Materials and methods. The study was carried out in several stages. Focus groups were formed depending on the functional class of patients. Using a clinical and psychological interview (a questionnaire for assessing the social functioning and quality of life of patients with mental and behavioral disorders by I. Gurovich and A. Shmukler), 76 patients with disabilities due to mental and behavioral disorders and 30 relatives of patients were sampled, social functioning was studied and areas of psychological assistance were proposed.
Conclusion. The article provides an author’s view of the possibilities and boundaries of using psychological methods, on the delimitation of the concepts of “psychosocial rehabilitation”, “psychological help” for patients with disabilities due to mental and behavioral disorders. The relevance of the development of tools for monitoring the effectiveness of psychological help to patients with mental and behavioral disorders and their relatives has been determined.

Objective. To study the manifestations of the epidemic process, the clinical features of the course, as well as the economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia in conscripted military personnel and to justify the need for vaccination against pneumococcal infection in adolescents who are fit for military service.
Materials and methods. The data from the official statistical reporting documentation in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus were used as the material for studying the epidemiological parameters. To study the manifestations of the epidemic process, methods of epidemiological diagnosis were used — retrospective epidemiological analysis, descriptive and evaluative methods and statistical method. To establish the military epidemiological significance of community-acquired pneumonia, an integral indicator of morbidity and labor loss was calculated — an indicator of the average frequency of a serviceman’s disability. To study the clinical features of community-acquired pneumonia, data on 960 patients who were treated in the therapeutic departments of the State Institution “432 Order of the Red Star Main Military Clinical Medical Center of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus” were used. The etiology of VP was assessed based on the results of bacteriological studies of sputum samples (n = 947). To assess the economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia, direct medical costs for hospitalization, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy were calculated. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using computer programs IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0, Statistica 6.0 (Stat. Soft Inc., USA).
Results. The epidemic process of community-acquired pneumonia was dominated by conscripts (73.7—92.2 %), the average annual incidence rate was 44.5 ± 1.29 per 1000 and 5.5 times higher than the incidence of military personnel undergoing military service under contract. The cyclical nature of the epidemic process (4 years), seasonality due to the arrival of new recruits during the autumn and spring conscription, as well as factors of the closed updated military team, have been established. The proportion of severe community-acquired pneumonia was 2,6 % (95 % CI (1.8—3.8)), while the remaining cases were considered mild. The average bed-day for military personnel with community-acquired pneumonia of severe course was 23.2 ± 13.08 days, non-severe course 13.0 ± 4.0 days. The rate of ineffective use of military personnel was 2.6 ‰. The direct medical costs of managing one serviceman with a severe form of community-acquired pneumonia averaged 7390 BYN, non-severe — 2050 BYN.
Conclusion. The military epidemiological significance of community-acquired pneumonia for conscripts is determined by the high intensity of the epidemic process (44.5 ‰), cyclicity (4 years), a pronounced seasonal increase in morbidity over 7 months, a high rate of ineffective use of military personnel (2.6 ‰), significant direct medical costs for the management of patients with severe forms. In order to prevent and reduce the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia, and preserve the health and combat capability of conscripts, vaccination against pneumococcal infection is necessary for young men aged 16—18 who have received a conscript’s certificate and are fit for military service, as part of the National Calendar of Preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications.

The purpose of this publication is a systematic presentation of the medical and social aspects of nutrition within the framework of the course “Social Medicine” for students, postgraduates and teachers of higher educational institutions of the humanities.
The medical and social aspects of malnutrition are considered. The content of healthy nutrition, therapeutic and preventive and therapeutic nutrition and their medical and social role in the health preservation of modern society are disclosed and described.
The article uses materials from the M. E. Tikotsky Media Library of the Department of Service of the Faculties of Journalism and Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Fundamental Library of BSU and elements of the educational portal of BSU FFSN.