Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of surgical treatment of patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis, operated using minimally invasive bilateral decompression from a unilateral approach.

Materials and methods. The long-term results of minimally invasive bilateral decompression in patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis were studied. The dynamics of postoperative instability were assessed using various surgical treatment methods for dorsopathies.

Results. Minimally invasive decompression procedures performed through a unilateral surgical approach (the Over-the-top technology) for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis are characterized by a lower incidence of late postoperative instability compared to extensive bone resections without stabilization. A study of pain intensity and patient quality of life revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between bilateral decompressions through a unilateral approach and classic laminectomy. The use of this minimally invasive technique reduces surgical time and intraoperative blood loss.

Conclusion. The Over-the-top technology, coupled with new approaches to preoperative planning and virtual support, has demonstrated its effectiveness as a surgical treatment for lumbar spondylolisthesis. Minimally invasive bilateral decompressions through a unilateral approach resulted in lower rates of postoperative instability (p = 0.044) compared to traditional laminectomy. Furthermore, in terms of patient quality of life and pain intensity in the long-term period, the technique is comparable to decompression and stabilization procedures (p > 0.05). The data obtained during the study confirm the feasibility of using the Over-the-top technology as a low-trauma, safe, cost-effective, and clinically effective alternative to extensive decompression procedures supplemented by spinal fusion.

Objective. The aim of the article is to evaluate hemodynamic changes in children with cerebral ischemia.

Materials and methods. 108 newborns, examined on days 1, 3, 7 and 30, divided into groups: Group 1 – period < 29 weeks of gestation; group 2 – 29–33 weeks of gestation; group 3 – 34–36 weeks of gestation; group 4 – 37–40 weeks of gestation. The control group consisted of 41 conditionally healthy newborns with a gestational age of more than 37 weeks, who were examined at the same time.

Results. In the anterior cerebral artery, the systolic velocity on day 3 was 38 [28; 50] cm/s (p = 0.003), day 30 – 53 [45; 64] cm/s (p < 0.001), diastolic velocity on day 3 was 11 [9; 16] cm/s (p = 0.006), day 7 – 10 [7; 15] cm/s (p = 0.020), day 30 – 13 [10; 16] cm/s. Resistance index day 30 – 0.8 [0.7; 0.8]. In the right middle cerebral artery, systolic velocity day 30 – 31 [25; 37] cm/s (p < 0.001), diastolic velocity day 1 – 7 [5; 10] cm/s (p = 0.028), day 30 – 8 [6; 10] cm/s (p < 0.001), resistance index day 1 – 0.6 [0.6; 0.7] (p = 0.032), day 30 – 0.7 [0.7; 0.8] (p = 0.001). Systolic velocity of the left middle cerebral artery day 30 – 29 [23; 38] cm/s (p < 0.001), diastolic velocity on day 30 – 7 [6; 10] cm/s (p < 0.001). Resistance index on day 1 – 0.6 [0.6; 0.7] (p = 0.04), on day 30 – 0.7 [0.7; 0.8] (p = 0.03). Basilar artery on day 30 systolic velocity – 59 [48; 71] cm/s (p < 0.001), diastolic velocity – 12 [9; 14] cm/s (p < 0.001), diastolic velocity on day 3 – 12 [9; 17] cm/s (p = 0.038). Basilar artery resistance index on day 7 – 0.8 [0.7; 0.8], on day 30 – 0.8 [0.8; 0.8] (p < 0.001).

Conclusion. In the groups, the main differences in the indicators were noted on the 30th day. In newborns with ischemia, a change in diastolic velocity was noted on the 3rd day for the anterior cerebral artery and basilar artery and on the 1st day for the middle cerebral artery.

Objective. To justify and validate a risk-oriented selection of laser ablation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using an integrated model that combines neonatal predictors with angiographic markers of vascular activity on fluorescein angiography (FA).

Materials and methods. A three-component angiographic index, the V-Score (fraction of avascular retina, number of sectors with active leakage, composite arteriolar tortuosity/caliber index), and an integrated scale Neo-ROP-V that merges the V-Score with the clinical Neo-ROP-8 score were developed.

Results. The impact of FA on ROP staging and on treatment selection was evaluated among three strategies: selective pre-threshold transpupillary laser photocoagulation (s-PTLPC), classical near-total ablation, and a combined approach. Results: FA upgraded disease stage in 10 % of eyes at stage I, 30 % at stage II, 75 % at stage III, and 60 % in aggressive posterior ROP (AP-ROP) (p < 0.05). Diagnostic performance was AUC = 0.94 for Neo-ROP-8 (cut-off ≥ 7), AUC = 0.88 for the V-Score (cut-off ≥ 5; κ = 0.82), and AUC = 0.96 for Neo-ROP-V (cut-off ≥ 13) with 89 % sensitivity and 92 % specificity.

Conclusion. Integrating Neo-ROP-8 and the V-Score into Neo-ROP-V standardizes the choice of intervention radicality: scores 6-9 indicate s-PTLPC; 10-12 favour classical retinal ablation; ≥ 13 support a combined tactic (classical laser plus cryotherapy or administration of anti-VEGF agents).

Objective. To assess associations between maternal health status, pregnancy complications, and the risk of developing major morbidities contributing to disability in preterm infants during the first year of life using national registry data.

Materials and methods. An analytical cross-sectional registry-based study was conducted using anonymized data from the National Registry of Preterm Infants of the Republic of Belarus. The analysis included data on 2,660 preterm infants and their mothers who were under follow-up in 2023. Associations between maternal and gestational pathology and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, central nervous system disorders, developmental delay, and anemia of prematurity were evaluated. Associations were analyzed by calculating relative risks with 95 % confidence intervals; Pearson’s chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were applied. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results. The analyzed morbidities were found to develop within distinct antenatal risk profiles. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was predominantly associated with infectious-inflammatory and hypoxic pregnancy-related factors, including chorioamnionitis and maternal anemia. Retinopathy of prematurity demonstrated a vascular-metabolic risk profile associated with maternal cardiovascular and endocrine disorders, as well as impaired placental perfusion. Central nervous system disorders and developmental delay exhibited a multifactorial pattern, being associated with the broadest range of maternal and gestational factors. Anemia of prematurity was associated with maternal deficiency states and infectious pregnancy complications.

Conclusion. The findings support the identification of clinically oriented risk profiles for morbidity in preterm infants and substantiate the need for risk-stratified antenatal care and targeted follow-up to reduce disability.

Objective. To analyze the history and prospects for the promotion of the national preventive project “Healthy Cities and Towns” (project) in Belarus, taking into account international experience.

Materials and methods. The experience of implementing the World “Health Organization Healthy Cities” initiative in various countries was analyzed. To study the specifics of the initiative's implementation in Belarus, a retrospective analysis of the database of settlements included in the project, the regulatory documents governing its creation and operation, was conducted.

Results. In 2025 620 cities and towns from all administrative territories of the Republic of Belarus are involved in the project, a 6.1-fold increase compared to 2019. The Mogilev Region has seen the largest increase – a 15.6-fold increase compared to 2019 from 7 in 2019 to 109 in 2025. The Grodno Region has seen the smallest increase (3.1 times) in the number of cities and towns involved in the project (from 18 in 2019 to 55 in 2025).

Conclusion. The decision to approve the project “Healthy Cities and Towns” in 2019 represented a powerful measure of government support for achieving a new level of national health through the development and implementation of modern strategies and new management approaches to creating health-preserving spaces in the republic's populated areas.

This article examines the transformation of the doctor-patient model in the context of the widespread adoption of large language models (artificial intelligence, AI).

Objective. To identify and theoretically conceptualize a new patient figure – the “AI-verifier” – and to analyze the changes in medical interaction practices associated with the incorporation of algorithmic systems into the processes of interpreting and verifying clinical decisions.

Materials and methods. The empirical basis of the study consists of in-depth semi-structured interviews with physicians from various medical specialties (n = 18; professional experience ranging from 0.5 to 30 years). The data were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis with a two-stage inductive coding procedure, grounded in the methodological framework of interpretive sociology and the sociology of medicine.

Results. The findings indicate the emergence of a new patient figure who turns to AI systems to verify diagnoses, prescriptions, and clinical judgments. In the interviews, physicians describe the inclusion of AI in the “second opinion” chain alongside online resources and telemedicine consultations, though they do not always recognize the qualitative distinctiveness of algorithmic verification. Unlike the e-patient and other digitally mediated patient types, the AI-verifier delegates to the system not only information retrieval but also analysis, interpretation, and evaluative judgment. The algorithm is perceived by patients as a neutral, technologically objective, and interest-free arbiter. This dynamic intensifies competition between clinical reasoning and confidently articulated algorithmic outputs, reshapes the foundations of trust, redistributes responsibility, and reconfigures the structure of expertise within medical communication.

Conclusion. The emergence of the AI-verifier signals a structural shift in the social architecture of healthcare: not only the source of knowledge changes, but also the mechanisms of its legitimation. To sustain their professional role, physicians must develop communicative competencies enabling them to articulate the limitations of algorithmic recommendations and the contextual specificity of clinical decision-making.

This paper presents the Republic of Belarus's achievement of several indicators for Goal 3, “Health and well-being”, of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Using international and domestic data on monitoring the implementation of SDG indicators, a clear positive trend is demonstrated for most indicators of targets 3.7, 3.8, and 3.9. However, target 3.a, related to the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, despite positive trends in the prevalence of tobacco smoking, requires further improvement of the regulatory framework for electronic nicotine delivery systems. State programs adopted in 2025 will contribute to the achievement of the SDG by the Republic of Belarus.