Objective. To study short-term and long-term glycemic variability (GV) as factors associated with DR, its severity, and the progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 593 patients with type 2 diabetes (419 women (70.66 %) and 174 men (29.32 %), disease duration 10 [6; 15] years) who underwent ophthalmological examination in the Laser Microsurgery Department of the City Clinical Hospital No. 10 for the period 2016-2023 was performed. DR was noted in 165 patients. The study included 428 patients without exudative-hemorrhagic manifestations. The dynamic of disease progression was monitored over a oneyear and three-year period. The GV SD, CV, MAGE, and TIR indices were calculated. Statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 12 software package.

Results. A GV SD threshold of 0.854 and MAGE 0.967 was established to detect the presence of DR. The SD and MAGE indices were statistically significantly higher in patients with DR (1.253 [0.707; 1.893] vs 0.707 [0.283; 1.414], p = 0.021 and 1.4 [0.9; 2.3] vs 0.9 [0.4; 1.833], p = 0.021). Progression of DR in the first year of observation was associated with higher rates of short-term GV SD (3.8 [2.68; 4.9] vs 1.15 [0.71; 1.4], p = 0.045); CV (41.3 [35.37; 47.1] vs 15.71 [8.14; 16.0], p = 0.045), MAGE (4.9 [2.87; 7.0] vs 1.3 [1.0; 2.0], p = 0.045). Progression of DR in the third year of observation was associated with higher rates of long-term GV SD HbA1c (3.418 [3.042; 5.219] vs 0.202 [0.0; 0.52], p = 0.052).

Conclusion. VG was associated with the presence of DR and its progression, but cannot be used as a sole marker. Further research is needed to establish a comprehensive set of markers that is effective in assessing the risk of DR progression.

Objective. To develop a method for determining the risk of recurrence for patients with respiratory tuberculosis based on a multifactorial mathematical model.

Materials and methods. The study included data from 224 patients with respiratory tuberculosis of working age, who were sent for the first time to the Minsk City Medical Rehabilitation Expert Commission to determine disability. In difficult expert cases, to the consultative and polyclinic department of the Russian National Research Center for Medical Examination and Rehabilitation to clarify the severity of existing disability and clinical and labor prognosis. The observation period covered 2017–2024. The average age (SE) of patients in this cohort was 47.4 (0.71) years.

Results. In the course of the study, a multifactorial mathematical model was developed that includes statistically significant risk factors: age over 51 years (B = 0.60; OR = 1.82; 90 % CI (1.039–3.18); p = 0.049), living in rural areas (B = -1.07; OR = 2.92; 90 % CI (1.66–5.15); p = 0.002), social category “not workingˮ (B = 0.78; OR = 2.19; 90 % CI (1.15–4.18); p = 0.046), basic level of education (B = -0.64; OR = 1.89; 90 % CI (1.06–3.34); p = 0.048), skill level (B = -0.42; OR = 1.51; 90 % CI (1.08–2.13); p = 0.045), type of qualification (B = 0.85; OR = 2.34; 90 % CI (1.39–3.96); p = 0.008), the presence of which affects the risk of disease recurrence in the study cohort of patients with respiratory tuberculosis.

Сonclusion. The developed comprehensive methodology for assessing the risk of recurrence in patients with tuberculosis of the respiratory system includes a multifactorial mathematical model developed on the basis of logistic regression, as well as a classification scoring scheme that allows using the results of logistic regression in clinical and expert practice in the form of an Integral score for assessing the risk of recurrence in patients with tuberculosis of the respiratory system.

Objective. To carry out a comprehensive assessment of the compliance of the paramedic and obstetric center with modern requirements for ensuring accessibility and quality of medical care to the rural population.

Materials and methods. In 2024–2025, the Republic of Belarus assessed the compliance of paramedic and obstetric centers with modern requirements for accessibility and quality of medical care to the rural population based on basic criteria for medical accreditation. In 2024, 1893 paramedic-obstetric stations were subject to primary medical accreditation, and in 2025, 1056 paramedic–obstetric stations were subject to repeated medical accreditation. The conformity assessment was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the documents submitted in the “Medical Accreditationˮ information system. To objectify the process, expert doctors have developed unified checklists in order to minimize the subjectivity of the assessment through the use of clear and measurable indicators.

Results. A comparative analysis of the data for 2024–2025 revealed the following key trends: a general decrease in the level of nonconformities with medical accreditation criteria in all regions of the Republic of Belarus, which confirms the positive trend in improving the quality of medical care, the region’s leading in terms of the proportion of nonconformities in 2024 (Gomel, Vitebsk, Brest, Minsk) showed an improvement in indicators in 2025. At the same time, new problem areas have emerged in the Grodno region. The frequency of detection of critical discrepancies in 2025 was significantly reduced (sanitary and epidemiological welfare in Gomel and Minsk regions, equipment of paramedic and obstetric stations in Vitebsk and Brest regions in 2024). Deficiencies in ensuring continuity of medical care came to the fore.

Сonclusion. A comprehensive assessment of the compliance of paramedic and obstetric centers with modern requirements made it possible to systematize approaches to evaluating their activities, identify key problems and reserves for improving the quality of medical care for the rural population, and develop practical recommendations for improving the accreditation process. The results of the study can be used to optimize the work of paramedic and obstetric centers, increase the availability of medical services and achieve Sustainable Development Goals.

Objective. To provide a theoretical and methodological justification for the application of the spiral model of the rehabilitation process as a conceptual framework for organizing long-term care for individuals with cognitive disorders residing in social psychoneurological residential institutions.

Materials and methods. The study is theoretical and methodological in nature. The key methodological tool is logical and structural modeling aimed at adapting the spiral model proposed by B. Boehm (1986) to the specific context of the rehabilitation process in psychoneurological residential institutions. The modeling defines the stages of the rehabilitation cycle, mechanisms for transition between cycles, principles of risk management, and criteria for adapting individual rehabilitation programs. The conclusions are based on the analysis of scientific evidence and regulatory requirements rather than empirical data.

Results. It is demonstrated that the traditional linear, stage-based rehabilitation model has limited applicability in psychoneurological residential institutions due to the chronic nature of mental illnesses, long-term residence, and progressive cognitive decline. The spiral model ensures iterativity, cyclicality, and flexible adaptation of rehabilitation programs to the changing conditions of residents. Each turn of the rehabilitation spiral includes stages of assessment, planning, implementation, and monitoring of effectiveness. The model enables risk management and consideration of uncertainty related to the progression of cognitive disorders and comorbid conditions,  while also integrating interdisciplinary and intersectoral approaches. The adapted model aligns with the biopsychosocial paradigm and international recommendations and can be incorporated into the existing regulatory framework of the Republic of Belarus, making it suitable for practical implementation. Key conditions for implementation are identified, including the need for an intersectoral rehabilitation team, regular assessments, systematic documentation, and evaluation of dynamics in accordance with international standards. Limitations related to resource constraints and the risk of professional burnout are also identified.

Conclusion. The spiral model of the rehabilitation process represents a methodologically grounded and practically feasible approach to organizing long-term care in psychoneurological residential institutions. It ensures continuity, flexibility, personalization, and a riskoriented approach to rehabilitation and is consistent with the biopsychosocial model of functioning. The application of this model contributes to the development of a systemic, dynamic, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation strategy aimed at maintaining the highest possible level of functioning and quality of life of residents. The proposed concept may serve as a foundation for further empirical, clinical, and applied research.

Objective. To identify and analyze the main approaches to shaping the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) in the modern world, with a particular focus on the value-based approach and its application in medicine and healthcare.

The research was conducted as part of an initiative project by the Republican Center for Bioethics and the Department of Social Ecology and Bioethics at the Institute of Philosophy (National Academy of Sciences of Belarus).

The study provides an analysis of risk-based and value-based approaches to AI regulation. It highlights the significance of the value-based approach for constructing a robust framework for AI ethics

This article examines the pathophysiological mechanisms of the body's dynamic development, which determine the essence of aging, and the main mechanisms that shape healthy aging. Aging is a continuous pathophysiological process characterized by progressive age-related changes in metabolism and the physicochemical properties of cells, leading to impaired self-regulation, regeneration, and functional and structural changes in tissues and organs. Aging is an evolving issue, not only from a scientific perspective, but also from a socio-demographic perspective.

In the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, sarcoidosis is classified under the category of diseases of the blood, hematopoietic organs, and immunological disorders.

Described nearly 150 years ago, this disease remains enigmatic and often poses complex differential diagnostic challenges for pulmonologists, urologists, ophthalmologists, dermatologists, cardiologists, neurologists, and gynecologists. This review describes the key stages of studying this pathology, its diverse manifestations, and emphasizes the important role of individual researchers in diagnosing the various manifestations of sarcoidosis.

Objective. to analyze clinical cases of children with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) to identify main diagnostic challenges and propose optimal management strategies for patients with this pathology of various origins.

Materials and methods. Clinical cases of AE in pediatric practice are presented by: Case 1 – Patient X with paraneoplastic AE; Case 2 – Patient Y with idiopathic AE. An analysis of the disease course was conducted, including evaluation of the diagnostic pathway, therapy selection, and disease outcome.

Results. During managing patients in pediatric practice, specialists face a number of difficult clinical challenges: the variability of the clinical picture in the intermittent course of encephalitis, the presence of false-positive and false-negative results of laboratory tests, nonspecific changes on neuroimaging, the inability to assess the true clinical effect of nonspecific combination drug therapy in the early stages of the disease and, as a consequence, the subsequent incorrect routing of patients.

Conclusion. Clinical and diagnostic difficulties are offset by careful collection of life history, strict adherence to the stepwise therapy, exclusion of similar pathologies through the involvement of subspecialists, as well as dynamic monitoring of the development of the clinical picture in both outpatient and inpatient settings.